Background Migration of Virtual Storage

ABSTRACT

Described is a technology by which a virtual hard disk is migrated from a source storage location to a target storage location without needing any shared physical storage, in which a machine may continue to use the virtual hard disk during migration. This facilitates use the virtual hard disk in conjunction with live-migrating a virtual machine. Virtual hard disk migration may occur fully before or after the virtual machine is migrated to the target host, or partially before and partially after virtual machine migration. Background copying, sending of write-through data, and/or servicing read requests may be used in the migration. Also described is throttling data writes and/or data communication to manage the migration of the virtual hard disk.

BACKGROUND

Virtual storage (e.g., a virtual hard disk) is basically a file or otherstorage extent (e.g., a disk, partition on a disk or the like) that isconfigured to operate as a physical hard disk drive for a computersystem. There are various reasons why virtual storage needs to bemigrated from a source storage location to a storage location, includingload balancing and maintenance. For example, a virtual machine(comprising software executing to act as a physical machine) may bemoved (live-migrated) from one host computer to another, by transferringthe state of the virtual machine and resuming execution. The state ofthe virtual machine includes the current state of the virtualprocessors, the contents of memory, the current state of the virtualdevices, and the contents of the disks and/or virtual disks in use bythe virtual machine. Typically, the largest amount of data is in thevirtual disks.

Many live-migration scenarios utilize SAN (storage area network)technology to avoid copying the entire contents of a virtual disk fromthe physical storage of one host to the physical storage of anotherhost, because performing an entire copy operation generally takes toomuch time for live-migration. However, SANs can be expensive. Also, forsome datacenters and workloads, the only reason to perform livemigrations is to vacate a server so that the server can be rebooted orturned off for software or hardware servicing. This may occur veryinfrequently, whereby the time to perform a live migration operation isnot particularly of concern. In many situations the concern with storagemigration is mainly about cost, whereby an expensive SAN solution is notdesirable.

SUMMARY

This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of representativeconcepts in a simplified form that are further described below in theDetailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify keyfeatures or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is itintended to be used in any way that would limit the scope of the claimedsubject matter.

Briefly, various aspects of the subject matter described herein aredirected towards a technology by which a virtual storage extent (e.g.,virtual hard disk) is migrated from a source storage location to atarget storage location. In one implementation, this may be done withoutany shared physical storage, e.g., without SAN technology. A host maycontinue to use the virtual storage data of the virtual storage extentduring migration.

In one implementation, the virtual storage extent migration may be partof a virtual machine migration. However, the virtual hard disk migrationmay occur fully before or after the virtual machine is migrated from asource host computer to a target host computer, which allows virtualmachine migration to be rapid. The virtual hard disk migration may alsooccur partially with respect to the virtual machine migration, in thatsome part of the data is migrated to the target storage location beforethe virtual machine is migrated, and some other part of the data ismigrated after virtual machine migration. Background copying, sending ofwritten data, and/or servicing read requests may be used to provide thebefore, after or part-before and part-after migration, as desired. Datawrites and/or data communication may be throttled to facilitatemigration, including without adversely impacting the network over whichmigration occurs.

In another implementation, the virtual storage extent migration mayserve to move the data of a virtual disk from one physical storagedevice to another, without moving virtual machine execution to a newhost computer. This can be used, for example, to replace a SAN withoutinterrupting usage of the virtual disk.

Other advantages may become apparent from the following detaileddescription when taken in conjunction with the drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitedin the accompanying figures in which like reference numerals indicatesimilar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing example components for migratingvirtual storage data from a source storage location to a target storagelocation in association with virtual machine migration.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating variations of components formigrating virtual storage data.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing example components for migratingvirtual storage data from a source storage location to a target storagelocation that are both coupled to the same computer system.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing example components for migratingvirtual storage data from a from a source storage location to a targetstorage location wherein some of the virtual storage data is maintainedin a base layer accessible to different computer systems.

FIG. 5 is a representation of a layered virtual disk that may bemigrated as in the example of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6 is a representation of a layered virtual disk that may bemigrated as in the example of FIG. 4.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing example steps that may be taken as partof a virtual storage migration.

FIG. 8 shows an illustrative example of a computing environment intowhich various aspects of the present invention may be incorporated.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various aspects of the technology described herein are generallydirected towards transferring virtual storage data (e.g., of a virtualdisk) from a source storage location to a target storage location in abackground operation, while allowing a computer system (e.g., one ormore programs thereon) to continue running using the virtual diskbefore, during and/or after the migration. As described below, thisfacilitates a rapid transition, and thus may be used for live migrationof a virtual machine including the virtual storage data from one virtualmachine host to another. Also described is the migration of virtualstorage data from one storage device to another of the same hostcomputer.

As described herein, a target virtual machine host may access thevirtual storage data with respect to migration in a number of ways,including migrating a full copy to a storage device of the target hostbefore migrating the virtual machine, or a partial copy such that thedata is accessible at two storage locations during the migration. Thetarget host may also take over running of the virtual machine before themigration of the virtual disk data, such as by transferring writes to astorage device of the target host at a high priority, with read datatransferred on demand as needed at a high priority while migrating otherdata in a lower priority background operation. Thus, migration may beaccomplished in a way that allows a virtual machine on the target hostto begin executing after or before all the virtual disk data is donecopying.

While the examples herein are generally directed towards migrating avirtual hard disk (VHD) of a virtual machine (VM) from a source host toa target host, it should be understood that any of the examplesdescribed herein are non-limiting examples. Indeed, any virtual storageextent may be migrated, not necessarily only a storage extent configuredas a virtual hard disk. Further, the storage may be migrated independentof whether or not the storage migration is part of a virtual machinemigration. As such, the present invention is not limited to anyparticular embodiments, aspects, concepts, structures, functionalitiesor examples described herein. Rather, any of the embodiments, aspects,concepts, structures, functionalities or examples described herein arenon-limiting, and the present invention may be used in various ways thatprovide benefits and advantages in computing and data migration ingeneral.

FIG. 1 shows various aspects related to background storage migration inthe example of a virtual machine 102A being migrated from a sourcevirtual machine host 104 to a target virtual machine host 106 where thevirtual machine will resume running as a virtual machine 102B. Note thata virtual machine is only one example of software that uses virtualstorage, which in this example is a virtual hard drive; the virtual harddrive may be used with any software that runs on the source and thetarget, including the same software on each machine, or differentsoftware.

In the example of FIG. 1, the source virtual machine host 104 and targetvirtual machine host 106 each have their own storage units, shown assource storage locations 108 and 110, respectively, which are not sharedbetween the hosts (even if part of the same physical storage device). Asa result, the virtual hard disk instance 112A of the storage 108 needsto be migrated to the storage 110, as represented in FIG. 1 via thevirtual hard disk instance 112B. Note that the source host and itsstorage may be part of the same physical machine as the target host andits storage, however migration is still needed. Further, note that“instance” is meant to differentiate locations, as in actuality there isonly one true copy of the virtual hard disk's data, regardless of wherethat data exists and/or how many physical locations on which it exists.Thus, the term “virtual hard disk” will be used herein instead of“virtual hard disk instance” except for purposes of illustratingdifferent physical locations of all or part of a virtual hard disk.

As represented in FIG. 1, in one implementation a source migration agent114 communicates with a target migration agent 116 to handle themigration of the data. Migration may be performed by any internal orexternal agent with respect to the hosts (such as a virtual machinemanagement system) that can run on or initiate communication with thesource host and target host to start the process of storage migration.FIG. 2 shows an external agent 222 performing the coordination of thedata transfer between a source host 204 and a target host 206.

Note that FIG. 1 shows the data being copied from the source host to thetarget host. As can be readily appreciated, however, the data may becopied from the source host to an intermediate common locationaccessible to the target host, and/or may be done without being part ofany virtual machine migration. FIG. 2 shows such a common location 224.However, FIG. 2 is only illustrating some of the possible implementationvariations; an external agent may be used with direct copying without anintermediate common location, and/or no external agent is needed to havethe source copy the data to an intermediate common location. In otherwords, the implementation of FIG. 1 with internal migration agents maybe varied to have a common location, while the implementation of FIG. 2with an external agent may be varied so as to not include anintermediate common location.

With respect to usage with a virtual machine, the background copying ofthe virtual hard disk data may be decoupled from any virtual machinestate, e.g., copying of the virtual hard disk data can proceed while thevirtual machine is running on the source host or the target host, or ispaused, stopped, deleted, and so forth. The migration of storage datamay proceed without a corresponding virtual machine, or with a virtualmachine that exists only as configuration parameters (e.g., not fullyinstantiated at the moment). The migration of storage data may proceedbefore a virtual machine has ever started for the first time.

FIG. 3 shows another example, in which the same computer system 303 hasdata of a virtual hard drive 312A migrated (to 312B) from a sourcestorage location 308 to a target storage location 310. In this example,an internal migration agent 314 performs the migration, however themigration agent may be external. Note that in this example, the computersystem 303 may not be running a virtual machine, although one likelyscenario in this example is to move the virtual disk to a differentstorage unit without moving the execution of the virtual machine to anew host computer. This can be used, for example, to replace a SANwithout interrupting usage of the virtual disk.

Again, note that a virtual machine is not needed with respect to storagemigration as described herein, however a virtual machine provides asuitable example of where virtual storage migration is useful,including, for example, that the virtual machine is dependent on thevirtual hard drive instance. By dependent, it is meant that the virtualhard drive (or any other entity “X”) is needed in order for the virtualmachine to continue executing as if nothing has happened. If the virtualhard drive or X were to fail while a virtual machine is dependent on thevirtual hard drive or X, the virtual machine is effectively“hard-powered off” and has to boot back up as if it were a real machinethat had lost power, for example.

A virtual machine need only be dependent on one virtual machine host ata time. As a result, under steady-state operation, the virtual machineneed not be dependent on any hardware external to the virtual machine'scurrent host to continue running. Only during the virtual machinemigration operation is a network or other suitable connection used; atother times, the virtual machine is not reliant upon any networkconnectivity for continued execution.

The network or other connection, represented in FIGS. 1 and 2 (andpossibly FIG. 3) via the dashed arrows, may be based on any datatransfer mechanism, including data transfer mechanisms that temporarilystore data in an intermediate location. Moreover, data transfer can becoordinated to proceed through multiple mechanisms simultaneously, thatis, a hybrid transfer may be used which coordinates data transfer usingmore than one data transfer mechanism.

Examples of suitable data transfer mechanisms include Ethernet,Fibrechannel (FC), RDMA networking, UDP, TCP, and the like. With IPnetworking over Ethernet, no expensive SAN LUN (a remotely-accessibledisk-like device) is needed to transfer the data. A Fibrechannel fabricmay be similarly used for data transfer, as it provides a reasonablyfast network connection, but without needing storage (and thus not usingan expensive SAN LUN on that fabric).

Notwithstanding, virtual storage migration as described herein may stillbenefit from a SAN LUN if available. For example, a data transfermechanism may use a SAN LUN to temporarily store data from the sourcestorage location which can then be accessed by a target virtual machinehost; the data written and read does not need to be stored in order byvirtual disk offset, as long as the source and target virtual machinehosts both have information that specifies the actual order. Thus, whenusing a technology such as Fibrechannel for data transfer, the datatransfer may or may not proceed in a manner analogous to usage ofFibrechannel LUN as a temporary data storage intermediary; the data mayget transferred directly from the source to the target location, or mayget temporarily stored in a remote LUN by the source and then read fromthe LUN by the target.

Note that in some network environments, if data copying from the sourcestorage location to the target storage location were allowed to proceedat the network line rate, the network may be adversely impacted, e.g.,causing high latency elsewhere. To reduce the impact on the network, thecopying of the storage data from the source storage location to thetarget storage location may be throttled, such as to stay below a limitdetermined as a percentage of the line rate, for example. If multiplestorage migrations are outbound from a source virtual machine host tomultiple virtual machine targets, for example, the agent can throttlethe send rate for the aggregate outbound data, and can also obey limitsspecified by target virtual machine hosts, to allow a target virtualmachine host some control over inbound network data volume. Throttlingmay be achieved via hardware or software means (e.g., packetprioritization, or explicit traffic throttling by software). Thebackground copy can be delayed for an indefinite period before starting,can be paused/resumed after starting, and can be stopped beforecomplete.

As described herein, there are numerous ways to migrate a virtual disk.For one, writes may be mirrored, and indeed, a fixed mirroringarrangement may be set up so that migration is regularly ongoing andeither the source or target can take over (e.g., as a virtual machine)very quickly. New writes may also be mirrored, with previously existingdata transferred in other ways. For example, the target virtual machinehost may take over running of the virtual machine before all of the datais transferred, by having any newly-written data written through to thetarget storage location, with copying from the source storage locationto the target storage location occurring in the background. In general,the written data is handled with higher priority than backgroundcopying. Note that data written by a host is already available in RAMfor sending over the network, and thus reading back from a disk is notnecessary. With respect to obtaining reads on demand, any on demandreads needed by the target virtual machine host are serviced with higherpriority than background copying, which continues until the data is donecopying, e.g., the end of the virtual disk is reached.

Writes may need to be throttled based on the network transmissioncapability, otherwise the writes to the virtual disk may not be able tobe transferred to the target storage location as fast as they come in.Moreover, data writes transferred to the target storage location need tobe throttled to the extent that some background copy progress can bemade by staying below the network transfer rate. One way to do this isto interleave background copy writes with write-through writes. Variousways to throttle writes may be used, including mirroring writes, using aqueue with a certain queue depth to limit the number of writes and thenreducing the queue depth, and so on.

Thus, while the virtual disk is being used by the source virtual machinehost, data written by source software (e.g., a virtual machine) canoptionally also be immediately written through to the target storagelocation. As a result, in one alternative, a background copy operationmay function without needing to track which data is dirtied by newwrites, since those writes are immediately sent to the target storagelocation. Note however that some data that had already been writtenthrough to the target storage location may be sent again by the agent tothe target storage location when the background copying operationreaches that data. An alternative is to track the writes so that thebackground copy operation can skip over any portion of data that hasalready been written through to the target storage location.

Another alternative is to only mirror writes that occur to offsets belowan offset that tracks which portion of the virtual disk has beenbackground copied to the target storage location. In this alternative,repeated writes to the same location may still result in repeatedtransfers, but only if the writes are in the region of the virtual diskthat has already been previously copied. However, this alternative doesprevent the background copy operation from itself re-copying any region,because it had not previously been copied since the background copypoint had not reached that region yet.

However, relatively low performance may exist when using write-through,because a write to the source storage location needs to wait until thewritten data is transferred to the target storage location and aresponse is received, for example. Moreover, storage writes may occurone at a time using relatively small writes, requiring many round-tripsover the network to and from the target.

Another way to transfer data while the source is still using the virtualstorage is to have any data written at the source location collected andtracked as “dirty regions.” Then, only written-over (dirtied) regionsthat were previously sent to the target storage location by thebackground copying operation need to be re-sent. However, the re-sendingof such regions need not be immediate, and need not occur before thestorage write is reported back to the source as being complete. Thisprovides higher performance, as virtual machine storage writes andnetwork writes are decoupled. Further, when the storage write rate isless than the network transfer rate, and when the backlog of dirtieddata is not too large, any written dirty data can be cached in RAM forsending over the network, without requiring a read-back from disk.

When transferring data while tracking dirtied regions, a chain ofdifferencing (“diff”) files may be sent, (comprising “snapshots” oncecreated), in which each next differencing file contains only the changesrelative to the previous differencing file. This provides a differencetree that is transferred, with each differencing file typically growingsmaller than the previous one. Note that snapshots being created as partof the migration process may need to be managed along with snapshotscreated for other reasons, such that an entire snapshot tree associatedwith the virtual machine is migrated. Written dirty data is trackedseparately, e.g., via an in-memory data structure (or possibly aseparate virtual disk layer). Ideally, any dirty tracking layer willavoid storing both versions of any dirtied data, and will shrink backtoward zero space usage when dirtied data has been transferred to thetarget (as the amount of dirty data shrinks).

However, in addition to being somewhat complex because of the trackingof dirtied data, each differencing file may actually be larger than theprevious one if the writes to the virtual disk at the source locationare occurring faster than the transfer to the target storage location.If the write rate exceeds the network transfer rate, the amount of dirtydata will never automatically be reduced to zero. To achieve reductionto zero, some throttling of the writes needs to be performed asdescribed above.

Turning to various aspects related to virtual machine migration andvirtual storage migration between two hosts, as described above withreference to FIG. 1, the movement of storage data is decoupled from themovement of virtual machine execution. Thus, the virtual machineexecution can move before, during, or after movement of the storagedata.

When the virtual machine execution moves before movement of the storagedata, the virtual machine becomes dependent on two virtual machinehosts, as well as the network connecting them for continued execution.However, this situation persists only for the duration of storage datatransfer, (unlike previous solutions in which a virtual machine iscontinuously dependent on a SAN LUN and the associated storage network).

Data read requests are serviced from data stored on the target storagelocation if it has the data region requested. Otherwise, only the sourcevirtual machine host's storage location has the data and reads are thusserviced from the source virtual machine host. However, as describedbelow with reference to FIGS.4-6, there are situations in which some(e.g., read-only) data is maintained at a location that is commonlyaccessible to both the target virtual machine host and the sourcevirtual machine host, whereby the target virtual machine host servicesreads from that commonly accessible location (unless for some reason itis less efficient to do so and this situation can be detected).Similarly, reads will be serviced from a location accessible to thetarget virtual machine host if the source virtual machine host does nothave the requested region (e.g., access is temporarily unavailable. Notethat wherever the virtual disk is not populated in a region, readsrequested from that region are serviced by filling the read buffer witharbitrary (typically zeroed) data or by not modifying the read buffer.

In the situation where the virtual machine execution moves while thestorage data is also moving, the virtual machine is dependent on the twovirtual machine hosts and the connecting network only for the remainderof the storage transfer time (not during any portion of the storage datatransfer that occurred before the virtual machine execution moves).During the portion of the data transfer after the virtual machineexecution has moved, reads are serviced the same way as if the virtualmachine execution moved before any storage data, as described above.

Note that having the virtual machine execution move before or during thestorage migration provides flexibility that allows most of the CPU loadassociated with a virtual machine to be moved from one virtual machinehost to another without requiring that the storage data be moved first.This may be advantageous in many scenarios, and can be performed as longas the dependence on two virtual machine hosts and the connectingnetwork is acceptable during the data transfer period. The source andtarget virtual machine hosts only need to communicate during a storagemigration operation while the storage is split between the two virtualmachine hosts, and they only need to communicate when a virtual machineis running on one virtual machine host while any part of its storage ison the other virtual machine host. At other times, there is no need forthe virtual machine hosts to communicate.

In the situation where the virtual machine execution moves after thestorage data is fully moved, the virtual machine is only ever dependenton one virtual machine host at a time, and only briefly dependent onnetwork connectivity. In this case, the virtual machine never executesseparately from the storage data. Reads can be serviced fromlocally-stored data, or from a location that is commonly-accessible toboth the source and the target virtual machine hosts.

FIG. 4 shows an implementation in which some data 442 of the virtualdisk is already commonly accessible to both a source host 404 and atarget host 406. For example, in some configurations, a virtual disk isformed via a base layer, which may be commonly accessible, with one ormore difference (diff) layers 446 containing changes to the base layer,some of which may be cached (block 444). As is known, a virtual disk maybe formed by using the most recent data, then the next most recent andso on until the base layer, which is the oldest layer. As describedbelow with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6, only the diff layer 446 needs tobe migrated to accomplish virtual disk migration. Note that FIG. 4 isdifferent from FIG. 2, in that the source need not copy the data to thecommon data location, as it is already there.

In FIG. 5, for example, there is shown a virtual disk 550 with twolayers 552 and 554, formed by using the data of the diff layer 554wherever it exists, and then using the data of the base layer 552 whenneeded. In the context of virtual disk migration, the base layer 552 mayrepresent data that already resides on or is accessible to the targetvirtual machine host 406, while the diff layer 554 may represent datathat only resides on the source virtual machine host 404. Note that someor all of the overlapping regions between the two layers may containidentical data, and such identical regions may be tracked as identical,(although not shown in FIG. 5).

FIG. 6 shows a virtual disk 660 with three layers. In such aconfiguration, the source virtual machine host 404 caches data from thebase layer, up to and possibly including the entire base layer. Withrespect to efficient migration, the source virtual machine host 404 neednot send any of the cached data to the target virtual machine host ifthe data can be more efficiently obtained by the target virtual machinehost directly from the original (commonly accessible) base layer. Thisworks because the base layer and data cached from the base layer areidentical.

In the example of FIG. 6, the base layer 662 represents the layer thatis commonly accessible to both the source host 404 and the target host406. The caching layer 664 represents some (or possibly all) of the datathat the source host 404 has cached from the base layer 662, and whichis identical to the base layer in any overlapping regions; (note that inFIG. 6, only some of the base layer's data has been cached). Thedifference (diff) layer 666 represents data that is only present on thesource virtual machine host 404. When storage migration begins from thesource virtual machine host 404 to the target virtual machine host 406,only the data in the diff layer 666 is copied, because the caching layer664 does not need to be copied, nor does the base layer 662 because thetarget virtual machine host 406 can access the base layer without goingthrough the source virtual machine host 404.

Note that there are other arrangements for virtual disk layering inwhich a layer is mirrored between two storage locations, instead of (asin FIG. 6) using two separate layers for the same purpose. Such otherarrangements may be similarly used for efficient migration.

For efficiency, the source virtual machine host 404 may senddescriptions of which regions of the virtual disk are backed by virtualdisk data layers held only by the source virtual machine host 404,and/or descriptions of the regions of data that are available on atleast one other source. The target virtual machine host 406 caches thesedescriptions and may then use the descriptions to avoid querying thesource virtual machine host 404 for data in regions in which the sourcevirtual machine host 404 does not have data. Moreover, if thedescriptions identify more than one source, the target virtual machinehost 406 can use the descriptions to choose a source from which to copydata. These descriptions may be sent from the source virtual machinehost 404 to the target virtual machine host 406 automatically, or inresponse to a specific query by the target virtual machine host 406.

Turning to another aspect, there may be situations in which thedirection of migration needs to reverse before migration is complete,e.g., the virtual machine migration is cancelled or reversed by anadministrator or automated action. In these situations, copying in theoriginal direction stops, and the source storage location (e.g., “A”)and target storage location (e.g., “B”) switch roles, such that any datathat is stored only on B begins getting copied to A. There may be littleor no data on B that is not also on A, in which event the reversed copyoperation is very fast.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram showing example steps that may take place in anexample virtual storage migration process, beginning at step 702 wherethe agent sends descriptions of regions that the target storage locationwill need. As represented by step 704, the source storage location stillcontinues to be accessible and may be used for servicing reads andwrites.

Step 706 represents performing the background copy operation for anyregion requested by the target (note that there may not be any suchrequest at this time, such as if migration is going to occur right away,before any data transfer. Note that background copying may be driven bythe target/agent (internal or external) pulling data (as shown in step706), or by the source/agent pushing data.

Step 708 represents mirroring or otherwise sending writes to the targethost, which includes any necessary throttling. Note that mirroring isonly one option, and, for example, the source may only send writes tothe target host that have overwritten previously background-copied data.

Step 710 represents determining whether a virtual machine (or otherprogram) accessing the virtual disk is to be transferred to a targethost, which as described above, may occur before, during or after anydata migration, e.g., as controlled by an administrator or other agent.If not transferred until after the data transfer is complete asevaluated at step 712, then the virtual machine transfer (step 714) onlyoccurs when data migration is complete, otherwise the process branchesback to step 704 where the source virtual machine host continues runningthe virtual machine with the virtual hard disk, with the performing ofbackground copying and the sending of writes.

If instead at step 710 the virtual machine using the virtual hard diskis to be transferred, step 716 is performed (e.g., by an external agentor internal source/target agents) to continue performing backgroundcopying for any appropriate regions. Any read requests for read data nowneeded by the target virtual machine host are sent back to the sourcevirtual machine host, where they are received and serviced by the sourcevirtual machine host via (step 718). Any writes that are still directedtowards the source virtual machine host (e.g., pending) are sent to thetarget virtual machine host at step 720. Migration is complete at step722 when the virtual hard disk data is fully transferred to the targetstorage location (including any commonly accessible location orlocations).

Exemplary Operating Environment

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a suitable computing and networkingenvironment 800 on which the examples of FIGS. 1-7 may be implemented.The computing system environment 800 is only one example of a suitablecomputing environment and is not intended to suggest any limitation asto the scope of use or functionality of the invention. Neither shouldthe computing environment 800 be interpreted as having any dependency orrequirement relating to any one or combination of components illustratedin the exemplary operating environment 800.

The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose orspecial purpose computing system environments or configurations.Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/orconfigurations that may be suitable for use with the invention include,but are not limited to: personal computers, server computers, hand-heldor laptop devices, tablet devices, multiprocessor systems,microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumerelectronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers,distributed computing environments that include any of the above systemsor devices, and the like.

The invention may be described in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions, such as program modules, beingexecuted by a computer. Generally, program modules include routines,programs, objects, components, data structures, and so forth, whichperform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types.The invention may also be practiced in distributed computingenvironments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices thatare linked through a communications network. In a distributed computingenvironment, program modules may be located in local and/or remotecomputer storage media including memory storage devices.

With reference to FIG. 8, an exemplary system for implementing variousaspects of the invention may include a general purpose computing devicein the form of a computer 810. Components of the computer 810 mayinclude, but are not limited to, a processing unit 820, a system memory830, and a system bus 821 that couples various system componentsincluding the system memory to the processing unit 820. The system bus821 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory busor memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of avariety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation,such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus,Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, VideoElectronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and PeripheralComponent Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.

The computer 810 typically includes a variety of computer-readablemedia. Computer-readable media can be any available media that can beaccessed by the computer 810 and includes both volatile and nonvolatilemedia, and removable and non-removable media. By way of example, and notlimitation, computer-readable media may comprise computer storage mediaand communication media. Computer storage media includes volatile andnonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any methodor technology for storage of information such as computer-readableinstructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computerstorage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flashmemory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD)or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape,magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any othermedium which can be used to store the desired information and which canaccessed by the computer 810. Communication media typically embodiescomputer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules orother data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or othertransport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. Theterm “modulated data signal” means a signal that has one or more of itscharacteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode informationin the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communicationmedia includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wiredconnection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and otherwireless media. Combinations of the any of the above may also beincluded within the scope of computer-readable media.

The system memory 830 includes computer storage media in the form ofvolatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 831and random access memory (RAM) 832. A basic input/output system 833(BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer informationbetween elements within computer 810, such as during start-up, istypically stored in ROM 831. RAM 832 typically contains data and/orprogram modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presentlybeing operated on by processing unit 820. By way of example, and notlimitation, FIG. 8 illustrates operating system 834, applicationprograms 835, other program modules 836 and program data 837.

The computer 810 may also include other removable/non-removable,volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,FIG. 8 illustrates a hard disk drive 841 that reads from or writes tonon-removable, nonvolatile magnetic media, a magnetic disk drive 851that reads from or writes to a removable, nonvolatile magnetic disk 852,and an optical disk drive 855 that reads from or writes to a removable,nonvolatile optical disk 856 such as a CD ROM or other optical media.Other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storagemedia that can be used in the exemplary operating environment include,but are not limited to, magnetic tape cassettes, flash memory cards,digital versatile disks, digital video tape, solid state RAM, solidstate ROM, and the like. The hard disk drive 841 is typically connectedto the system bus 821 through a non-removable memory interface such asinterface 840, and magnetic disk drive 851 and optical disk drive 855are typically connected to the system bus 821 by a removable memoryinterface, such as interface 850.

The drives and their associated computer storage media, described aboveand illustrated in FIG. 8, provide storage of computer-readableinstructions, data structures, program modules and other data for thecomputer 810. In FIG. 8, for example, hard disk drive 841 is illustratedas storing operating system 844, application programs 845, other programmodules 846 and program data 847. Note that these components can eitherbe the same as or different from operating system 834, applicationprograms 835, other program modules 836, and program data 837. Operatingsystem 844, application programs 845, other program modules 846, andprogram data 847 are given different numbers herein to illustrate that,at a minimum, they are different copies. A user may enter commands andinformation into the computer 810 through input devices such as atablet, or electronic digitizer, 864, a microphone 863, a keyboard 862and pointing device 861, commonly referred to as mouse, trackball ortouch pad. Other input devices not shown in FIG. 8 may include ajoystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These andother input devices are often connected to the processing unit 820through a user input interface 860 that is coupled to the system bus,but may be connected by other interface and bus structures, such as aparallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 891or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 821via an interface, such as a video interface 890. The monitor 891 mayalso be integrated with a touch-screen panel or the like. Note that themonitor and/or touch screen panel can be physically coupled to a housingin which the computing device 810 is incorporated, such as in atablet-type personal computer. In addition, computers such as thecomputing device 810 may also include other peripheral output devicessuch as speakers 895 and printer 896, which may be connected through anoutput peripheral interface 894 or the like.

The computer 810 may operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer880. The remote computer 880 may be a personal computer, a server, arouter, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, andtypically includes many or all of the elements described above relativeto the computer 810, although only a memory storage device 881 has beenillustrated in FIG. 8. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 8include one or more local area networks (LAN) 871 and one or more widearea networks (WAN) 873, but may also include other networks. Suchnetworking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-widecomputer networks, intranets and the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 810 is connectedto the LAN 871 through a network interface or adapter 870. When used ina WAN networking environment, the computer 810 typically includes amodem 872 or other means for establishing communications over the WAN873, such as the Internet. The modem 872, which may be internal orexternal, may be connected to the system bus 821 via the user inputinterface 860 or other appropriate mechanism. A wireless networkingcomponent such as comprising an interface and antenna may be coupledthrough a suitable device such as an access point or peer computer to aWAN or LAN. In a networked environment, program modules depictedrelative to the computer 810, or portions thereof, may be stored in theremote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,FIG. 8 illustrates remote application programs 885 as residing on memorydevice 881. It may be appreciated that the network connections shown areexemplary and other means of establishing a communications link betweenthe computers may be used.

An auxiliary subsystem 899 (e.g., for auxiliary display of content) maybe connected via the user interface 860 to allow data such as programcontent, system status and event notifications to be provided to theuser, even if the main portions of the computer system are in a lowpower state. The auxiliary subsystem 899 may be connected to the modem872 and/or network interface 870 to allow communication between thesesystems while the main processing unit 820 is in a low power state.

CONCLUSION

While the invention is susceptible to various modifications andalternative constructions, certain illustrated embodiments thereof areshown in the drawings and have been described above in detail. It shouldbe understood, however, that there is no intention to limit theinvention to the specific forms disclosed, but on the contrary, theintention is to cover all modifications, alternative constructions, andequivalents falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. One or more computer storage devices havingcomputer-executable instructions, which when executed by a computer,cause the computer to perform steps comprising: controlling migration ofa virtual storage extent from a source storage location to a targetstorage location; and servicing read requests against data located inthe virtual storage extent during the migration, including determiningwhether read data corresponding to the read request has already beenmigrated to the target storage location, and if so, using the read datathat has already been migrated to the target storage location, and ifnot, obtaining the read data from the source storage location or anotherlocation accessible to the target storage location.
 2. The one or morecomputer storage devices of claim 1 having further computer-executableinstructions, which when executed by a computer, cause the computer toperform steps comprising: background copying the data located in thevirtual storage extent from the source storage location to the targetstorage location at a first priority; sending written data correspondingto newly written writes directed towards the source storage location tothe target storage location at a second priority that is at least ashigh as the first priority; and servicing read requests received at acomputing system coupled to the source storage location at a thirdpriority that is at least as high as the first priority.
 3. The one ormore computer storage devices of claim 1 having furthercomputer-executable instructions, which when executed by a computer,cause the computer to perform steps comprising: throttling to control arate of transfer of the newly written writes.
 4. The one or morecomputer storage devices of claim 1 having further computer-executableinstructions, which when executed by a computer, cause the computer toperform steps comprising: throttling the background copying from thesource storage location to the target storage location to utilize lessthan a maximum transfer rate of a network over which the background copyis occurring.
 5. The one or more computer storage devices of claim 1having further computer-executable instructions, which when executed bya computer, cause the computer to perform steps comprising: controllingmigration of a virtual machine associated with the virtual storageextent, wherein the migration of the virtual machine is decoupled fromthe migration of the virtual storage extent such that the virtualmachine can migrate before, during, or after the migration of the datalocated in the virtual storage extent.
 6. The one or more computerstorage devices of claim 1 having further computer-executableinstructions, which when executed by a computer, cause the computer toperform steps comprising: throttling sending of read data correspondingto the read request to control a rate of transfer via a network overwhich the read request is occurring.
 7. The one or more computer storagedevices of claim 1 having further computer-executable instructions,which when executed by a computer, cause the computer to perform stepscomprising: obtaining descriptions of data regions that the targetstorage location needs from at least one of the source storage locationor another location.
 8. The one or more computer storage devices ofclaim 1 having further computer-executable instructions, which whenexecuted by a computer, cause the computer to perform steps comprising:tracking dirty regions corresponding to writes written at the sourcestorage location during the migration that the target storage locationneeds to obtain from the source storage location.
 9. In a computingenvironment, a method performed on at least one processor, comprising:migrating a virtual machine and a virtual hard disk from a sourcelocation to a target location, the migrating including performingcopying of the virtual hard disk data from the source location to thetarget location while the virtual machine is running on the sourcelocation or while the virtual machine is running on the target location;and allowing reads from and writes to the virtual hard disk data duringthe migrating.
 10. The method of claim 9 further comprising: sendingnewly written writes directed towards the source location as writtendata to the target location, wherein the sending of the newly writtenwrites occurs at a priority that is at least as high as a priority ofthe copying.
 11. The method of claim 9 further comprising: sending newlywritten writes directed towards the source location as written data tothe target location over a network; and throttling to control a rate oftransfer of the newly written writes.
 12. The method of claim 9 whereinthe migrating further comprises: reading at least some of the data froma base layer of the virtual hard disk that is accessible by the targetlocation into the target location without sending that data from thesource location.
 13. The method of claim 9 further comprising: obtainingdescriptions of data regions that the target location needs from atleast one of the source location or another location.
 14. The method ofclaim 9 further comprising: tracking dirty regions corresponding towrites that the target location needs to obtain from the sourcelocation.
 15. In a computing environment, a system comprising: a sourcevirtual machine host having a virtual machine and a virtual hard disk; atarget virtual machine host to which the virtual machine and the virtualhard disk is to be migrated; and one or more agents configured tocontrol migration of the virtual hard disk decoupled from migration ofthe virtual machine, the virtual hard disk migration configured tooccur: (a) before the virtual machine is migrated to the target virtualmachine host; (b) partially, in which some part of the data of thevirtual hard disk is migrated to the target virtual machine host beforethe virtual machine is migrated to the target virtual machine host andsome other part of the data of the virtual hard disk is migrated to thetarget virtual machine host after the virtual machine is migrated to thetarget virtual machine host; or (c) after the virtual machine ismigrated to the target virtual machine host.
 16. The system of claim 15wherein the one or more agents are further configured to send newlywritten writes directed towards the source virtual machine host aswritten data to the target virtual machine host, and background copydata from the source virtual machine host to the target virtual machinehost, in which the sending of the newly written writes occurs at apriority that is at least as high as a priority of the backgroundcopying.
 17. The system of claim 15 wherein the one or more agents arefurther configured to send newly written writes directed towards thesource virtual machine host as written data to the target virtualmachine host over a network, and wherein the one or more agents performthrottling to control a rate of transfer of the newly written writes.18. The system of claim 15 wherein the virtual hard disk includes a baselayer that is accessible by the target virtual machine host, and atleast one other layer at the source virtual machine host, and whereinmigration includes reading at least some of the data from the base layerinto the target virtual machine host without sending that data from thesource virtual machine host.
 19. The system of claim 15 wherein thesource virtual machine host is configured to provide at least one ofdescriptions of data regions that the target virtual machine host needsto obtain from the source virtual machine host or descriptions of dataregions that the target virtual machine host is able to obtain fromanother location.
 20. The system of claim 15 wherein the source virtualmachine host is configured to track dirty regions corresponding towrites written to the source virtual machine host during the migrationof the virtual hard disk that the target virtual machine host needs toobtain from the source virtual machine host.